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The Old Town, although only about a mile long and 300 yards wide, represents the total extent of the twin burghs of Edinburgh and Canongate for the first 650 years of their existence, and its general appearance and character remain indubitably medieval. Containing as it does the majority of the city's most famous tourist sights, it makes by far the best starting point for your explorations.
In addition to the obvious goals of the castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Holyrood Abbey, you'll find scores of historic buildings along the length of the Royal Mile. Inevitably, much of the Old Town is sacrificed to hard-sell tourism, and can be uncomfortably crowded throughout the summer, especially during the Festival. Yet the area remains at the heart of Edinburgh, with daily business of the greatest importance being conducted in Parliament House, home of the Scottish Parliament until 1707 and now the location of Scotland's highest Law Courts, and in the Assembly Hall, temporary home of the new Scottish Parliament. It's well worthwhile extending your explorations to the area immediately to the south of the Royal Mile, and in particular to the stunning new National Museum of Scotland. Close by is the wonderfully varied scenery and breathtaking vantage points of Holyrood Park, an extensive tract of open countryside on the eastern edge of the Old Town which includes Arthur's Seat, the peak which rises so distinctively in the midst of the city.